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Western Attitudes Toward Death from the Middle Ages to the Present
Published in 1974, ''Western Attitudes Toward Death from the Middle Ages to the Present'' was French historian Philippe Ariès’ first major publication on the subject of death. Ariès was well known for his work as a medievalist and a historian of the family, but the history of death was the subject of his work in his last decade of scholarly life to. Ariès wrote several major books and articles on death mentalities and is credited with introducing death as a topic for historical inquiry. ''Western Attitudes Toward Death'' began as a series of lectures presented to Johns Hopkins University, which he gave for the express purpose of translation and publication. Because Ariès saw America as influential in changing the way the western world viewed death, he felt it was important to have his ideas circulating on both sides of the Atlantic.〔Philippe Ariès, ''Western Attitudes Toward Death from the Middle Ages to the Present'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), x.〕 Covering over a millennia of history, Ariès divided ''Western Attitudes Toward Death'' into four separate periods, which make up the four major sections of the book: Tamed Death, One’s Own Death, Thy Death, and Forbidden Death.
==Tamed Death==
In his first chapter, he discusses the first period, "Tamed Death," using a number of ancient texts and medieval romances. . He argues that prior to the seventeenth century, people were acutely aware of their own eminent death, prepared for it, and accepted it. True to his roots as a medieval historian, He cites examples such as of King Ban, Tristan, and Lancelot—these characters are shown facing death while knowing that their time has come” and prepare themselves by following prescribed rituals. These rituals were often religious such as Lancelot positioning the body to be facing Jerusalem.〔Ariès, 8.〕 The dying man readied his body and soul for death and waited.
There were four general characteristics: First, the dying person would be usually be lying in bed, or at least in a recumbent position. In the Christian tradition the dying person would lie on his or her back, facing the heavens. Second, the dying person in this period always presided over his death and understood its accompanying religious rituals and protocol. The priest was not brought until he was called for, and loved ones did not say goodbye until the dying person consented. Third, death was a public ceremony and parents, spouses, family, neighbors and even children were present at the bedside. Death was seen as normal and it was customary for loved ones to witness the occasion. Finally, while accepted and witnessed, it lacked “theatrics” and a “great show of emotions.”〔Ariès, 13.〕 Ariès explains his choice of “Tamed Death” as a title is meant to contrast with the “wild” death of the twentieth century, in which people fear and avoid death.〔Ariès, 14.〕
In this early medieval period people were not concerned with what would happen to their bodies after death. For superstitious reasons they did not want the dead to be buried in cities or near the houses of the living, but if the body was buried in a churchyard and remained under the church’s protection, little else mattered. People did not believe that the grave should be permanent (especially the graves of the poor) and ossuaries were very common.〔Ariès, 22.〕 F And the burial grounds were common meeting places where dancing, gambling, and even commerce took place.〔Ariès, 23.〕
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